Low Temperature Lithium Ion Battery Pack

LFP batteries have Lithium Ferrous Phosphate (LiFePO4) as the anode material, and this is one of the most widely adopted battery technologies nowadays. The anode is made of Lithium Iron Phosphate, one of the most stable and non-toxic lithium compounds.
● Nominal Voltage: 3.2V-3.3V
● Operating Voltage: 2.5V-3.65V
● Cycle Life: 2500
● Thermal Stability: Up to 270°C
● Charge Rate (C-Rate): 1C, typically charges to 3.65V in 3 hours
● Discharge Rate (C-Rate): 1C, can be 25C in certain cells, cutoff varies between 2-2.5V
● Specific Energy: 90Wh/kg to 120 Wh/kg

A Lithium Cobalt Oxide battery contains a Lithium Cobalt Oxide cathode and a graphite carbon anode. The unique selling point of lithium cobalt oxide batteries is their high energy density, which makes them the best choice for some particular applications with this requirement.
● Nominal Voltage: 3.6V
● Operating Voltage: 3V-4.2V
● Cycle Life: 500 to 1000 cycles
● Thermal Stability: Up to 150°C. Fully charging or overcharging increases the possibility of thermal instability.
● Charge Rate (C-Rate): 0.7-1C, typically charges to 4.2V in 3 hours
● Discharge Rate (C-Rate): 1C, cutoff at 2.5V. A higher discharge current will lead to a shorter cycle life.
● Specific Energy: 150 Wh/kg to 200 Wh/kg

In LMO batteries, the cathode is made of Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4). This results in a three-dimensional spinel structure, enabling a better movement of lithium ions. This structure also makes it thermally more stable and safer. But it lowers the life span of the battery.
● Nominal Voltage: 3.7V
● Operating Voltage: 3V to 4.2V
● Cycle Life: 300 to 800 cycles
● Thermal stability: up to 250 °C. Decreases at a higher charging level.
● Charge Rate (C-Rate): 0.7C to 1C, max charge rate 3C, individual cells charge to 4.2V.
● Discharge Rate (C-Rate): 1C. Some batteries have a discharge rate of 10C and cutoff at 2.5V.
● Specific Energy: 100 Wh/kg to 150 Wh/kg

Li-NMC batteries are second only to LFP batteries. These batteries contain a cathode made of Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2). Due to the presence of Manganese and Cobalt, Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt batteries offer the best benefits of LMO and LCO batteries.
● Nominal Voltage: 3.7V
● Operating Voltage: 3V to 4.2V
● Cycle Life: 1500 cycles
● Thermal stability: Up to 210°C. Decreases at a higher charge level.
● Charge Rate (C-Rate): 0.7C to 1C, charging up to 4.2V in 3 hours. Higher charging currents lead to short battery life.
● Discharge Rate (C-Rate): 1C, with a cutoff at 2.5V.
● Specific Energy: 150 KWh/kg to 220 KWh/kg

LTO batteries are different from the other lithium-ion batteries mentioned previously. These batteries use Lithium Titanate (Li2TiO3) as the anode material instead of a graphite anode. The cathode materials are Li-NMC or Lithium Manganese Oxide.
● Nominal Voltage: 2.4V
● Operating Voltage: 1.8Vto 2.85V
● Cycle Life: 3000 to 7000 cycles
● Thermal Runaway: 175°C to 225°C
● Charge Rate (C-Rate): 1-5C, charges up to 2.85V
● Discharge Rate (C-Rate): 10C, cutoff at 1.8V
● Specific Energy: 50 KWh/kg to 80 KWh/kg

NCA batteries replace the Manganese in NMC batteries with Aluminium. Due to the similar materials used and cell construction, NCA and NMC batteries share some common features. The addition of Aluminium to Lithium Nickel Cobalt Oxide adds the element of chemical stability to an NCA battery.
● Nominal Voltage: 3.6V
● Operating Voltage: 3V to 4.2V
● Cycle Life: 500 cycles
● Thermal Runaway: 150°C – Greater chance of instability when fully charged
● Charge Rate (C-Rate): 0.7C, charges up to 4.2V
● Discharge Rate (C-Rate): 1C, cutoff at 3V
● Specific Energy: 200 KWh/kg to 260 KWh/kg